DOPAMINE AGONISTS
Dopamine agonists are drugs that mimic dopamine by stimulating the dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) via translation. Although there are five dopamine receptors, dopamine agonists only significantly stimulate some of them. Besides the side effects they cause, dopamine agonists cause the dopamine receptors to become progressively less sensitive, thereby eventually increasing the symptoms.
ROPINIROLE
Trade names : Requip, Repreve, Ronirol, Adartrel
Pharmacology : Ropinirole hydrochloride is a dopamine receptor agonist, with a non-ergot alkaloid structure, that is highly selective for the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors [1]. When taken as oral tablets, ropinirole is rapidly and almost completely absorbed, and it is extensively distributed from the vascular compartment [2]. A prolonged release version allows the drug to be released slowly and continuously so that it only has to be given once daily [3]. Ropinirole 24-hour prolonged release provided continuous delivery of ropinirole over 24 hours, resulting in a smooth plasma concentration-time profile, and food had no significant effect on absorption [4]. Switching from the previous ropinirole immediate release (ropinirole IR) to the prolonged release (ropinirole PR) formulation at the nearest equivalent total daily dose can take place overnight. The acceptance and tolerability are good.[3].
Efficacy : Ropinirole improved Parkinson's Disease symptoms [5-15], enabled a reduction in the dose of L-dopa [9, 12, 15-23], reduced "off" time [5, 7, 18, 24, 25, 26], improved nocturnal symptoms [27], reduced dyskinesia [17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30], and enabled improvements in resting [21, 31]. Doses of ropinirole have to gradually increase [32]. Ropinirole once daily, twice daily and three time daily were not significantly different in their effects [23, 33], apart from an improvement in sleep [34]. Ropinirole was more effective than bromocriptine [35-40], but not in another study except for causing less nausea than with bromocriptine [41]. Ropinirole was less effective than L-dopa [42].
Adverse effects : The most common adverse events are nausea [1, 12, 28, 35, 43, 44, 45, 50], somnolence [1, 10, 12, 28, 43, 45, 50], impulse- control disorder [46-49], orthostatic hypotension [10, 12, 35, 43], dyskinesia [10, 12, 24, 50], dizziness [12, 35, 44, 50], back pain [28, 44], insomnia [28, 35], hallucinations [1, 12, 50], psychotic features [50], constipation [1], nasopharyngitis [1], upper abdominal discomfort [35], palpitation [35], dizziness [28], arthralgia [28], fatigue [28], pain [28], abdominal pain or discomfort [12], vertigo [43], dyspepsia [43], oedema [43, 44], headache [44], gastrointestinal symptoms [10], decreased wight [50].
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